What Do You Know About the History of MP3

In 1987, with a project named EUREKA project EU147, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), the prestigious Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen research center (a division of the German Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft firm) began researching high-quality, low bit-rate audio coding. Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft now owns the licensing and the patent rights to the audio compression technology that was developed, a technology better known as MP3. Dieter Seitzer and Karlheinz Brandenburg The inventors named on the United States Patent 5,579,430 for a digital encoding process, a.k.a. MP3, are Bernhard Grill, Karlheinz Brandenburg, Thomas Sporer, Bernd Kurten, and Ernst Eberlein but the two names most frequently associated with the development of MP3 are Karlheinz Brandenburg and University of Erlangen professor Dieter Seitzer. A specialist in mathematics and electronics, Brandenburg—who is often called the father of MP3—led the Fraunhofer research. Brandenburg had been researching methods of compressing music since 1977. Seitzer, whod been working on the quality transfer of music over a standard phone line, joined the project as an audio coder. In an interview with Intel, Brandenburg described how MP3 took several years to develop—and almost didnt happen at all. In 1991, the project almost died, he recalled. During modification tests, the encoding simply did not want to work properly. Two days before submission of the first version of the MP3 codec, we found the compiler error. What is MP3? MP3 stands for MPEG Audio Layer III—a standard for audio compression that makes any music file smaller with little or no loss of sound quality. MP3 is part of MPEG, an acronym for Motion Pictures Expert Group, which is a family of standards for displaying video and audio using lossy compression (in which random partial data is irreversibly discarded, allowing the remainder to represent a compressed version of the original). Standards set by the Industry Standards Organization (ISO), were launched in 1992 with the MPEG-1. MPEG-1 is a video compression standard with low bandwidth. The high bandwidth audio and video compression standard of MPEG-2 followed and was of adequate quality for use with DVD technology. MPEG Layer III or MP3 involves audio compression only. Fast Facts: History of MP3 Timeline 1987: The Fraunhofer Institut in Germany began research code-named EUREKA project EU147, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).January 1988: Moving Picture Experts Group or MPEG was established as a subcommittee of the International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission or ISO/IEC.April 1989: Fraunhofer received a German patent for MP3.1992: Fraunhofers and Dieter Seitzer’s audio coding algorithm was integrated into MPEG-1.1993: MPEG-1 standard was published.1994: MPEG-2 was developed and published a year later.November 26, 1996: A United States patent for MP3 was issued.September 1998: Fraunhofer began enforcing their patent rights. All developers of MP3 encoders or rippers and decoders/players must now pay a licensing fee to Fraunhofer, however, no licensing fees are required to simply use an MP3 player.February 1999: A record company called SubPop was the first to distribute music tracks in the MP3 format.1999: Portable MP3 players make their debut. What Can MP3 Do? According to Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Without data reduction, digital audio signals typically consist of 16-bit samples recorded at a sampling rate more than twice the actual audio bandwidth (e.g. 44.1 kHz for Compact Discs). So you end up with more than 1.400 Mbit to represent just one second of stereo music in CD quality. By using MPEG audio coding, you [can] shrink down the original sound data from a CD by a factor of 12, without losing sound quality. MP3 Players In the early 1990s, Frauenhofer developed the first MP3 player—but it was a bust. In 1997, developer Tomislav Uzelac of Advanced Multimedia Products invented the first successful MP3 player, the AMP MP3 Playback Engine. Soon after, two university students, Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev, ported AMP to Windows to create Winamp. In 1998, Winamp became a free MP3 music player, which took the success of MP3 to a whole new level.

Basketball and My Life Essay - 984 Words

Basketball and my life I have throughout my whole life been playing sports. I still play basketball competitively and now it’s at the university level. Basketball though was not my first love when it came to playing sports. It has though become my true focus since junior high school. Coming from Canada everybody plays hockey. Its almost as if as soon as you learn to walk you learn how to skate. Whether it is at the recreation centre or at the shinny rink around the corner everyone plays. Eventually I abandoned hockey to play basketball which I have done so for the last twelve years of my life and hopefully a few more years into the future. It happened watching it on television seeing all the great players such as Michael†¦show more content†¦I was the starting centre for the Alberta 15 and under provincial team. Once this happened I started to receive better coaching to help hone my skills. The most important thing that happened was my passion for the game flourished. By my junior year I had became a first team all star at nationals for basketball and helped lead my team to second in the country. At this time it began to look like that I would just have a good high school career but also a chance to try and prove myself in university. My senior year proved to be my toughest year as I tried to decide where I wanted to continue with my dream of playing the sport I love. All of a sudden I had schools from western Canada all to the way to the Atlantic trying to get me to play at their school. During this year I received my greatest achievement yet when I was named a starter for the first ever adidas all Canadian all-star game. When I was younger I realized that the NBA was almost too high a bar to reach I decided that the NCAA would be a great achievement. Eventually that opportunity presented itself to me in the form of two schools. NAU and Montana St. expressed interest and I struggled to decide where I wanted to spend the next four or possibly five years of my life. All of the people that I had met while visiting each school were just so nice. I didn’t want to disappoint any of them. When I got a chance to play here at NAU on full scholarship I decided that this was the perfectShow MoreRelatedWhy Basketball Is A Big Part Of My Life1467 Words   |  6 Pagesin Mo’Ne. I should ask my mom if I have a long lost sister. It’s just a notion. Well, for as long as I could remember I’ve been playing basketball. Seems cliche but it’s the literal truth. My love for the sport is unexplainable however I’ll try a synopsis. Improving physically and mentally as I play, building camaraderie with my teammates, and being able to separate myself from my life problems when I’m on the court, are all reasons to why basketball is a big part of my life. 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Most participate recreationally, while others participate competitively with their peers. I didn’t start playing competitive until I was in middle school. The coach enabled me to become a part of this discourse community. Once I made the team I was a valued member of that community. There were many individuals that influenced me to join. My dad noticed howRead MoreWhy I Love Basketball945 Words   |  4 PagesIn my free time, I enjoy a plethora of activities but I have come to the conclusion that basketball is my all-time favorite pastime. Watching the sport on television is just as enjoyable as playing it. Strangely, basketball has always seemed to permeate my life in one way or another. Sometimes, I feel like I was born to dream, live, and even sleep thinking about basketball. Basketball is such an amazing sport and I cannot fathom living in a world in which the sport did not existRead MoreDreams And Aspirations As A Child Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageswhen maturing, life can take dramatic turns. At the age of six, I knew exactly what I wanted to do when I grew up. I was going to be a professional basketball player. As life continued, I realized that it was beginning to be a distant dream. The distant dream was disappointing, but added to my character. Although I was unsuccessful at reaching my goal of being a professional basketball player, I learned new things that changed my life for the better. My parents handed me a basketball when I was five

Computers in Society - 1554 Words

Computers in Society Today computers are a part of everyday life, they are in their simplest form a digital watch or more complexly computers manage power grids, telephone networks, and the money of the world. Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the†¦show more content†¦With permanent development of computer technology the quantity of people using computer either for working purposes or entertainment purposes is increasing speedily. One of the reasons of acquiring computers and computer games by busy parents for their children is providing playing leisure for them. But some parents don’t realize that computer games not only develop child’s mind, logic (what is positive influence) but has negative affects. Computer games industry is evaluated in two ways. On the one hand it is associated with admiration of computers abilities, on the other hand with dangerous influence on teenagers’ psychology and health. Radiation even of the safest and modern monitors are serious leading on eyes and bearing of unformed organisms. There are many examples of heath problems caused by computers. Talking about psychology it is depend on genre of computer games. Unfortunately the market of computer games consists of games that include killing, attack, aggressive actions, and cruel behavior. These factors lead to change in human psychology and mind. Gamers became more wicked, more aggressive to each other and to other people. 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Financial Analysis of Singapore Telecommunications Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis of Singapore Telecommunications Limited. Answer: Introduction The investors require information that helps them take investment decisions (Tracy, 2012). The information needs of the investors could be met out by analyzing the financial statements of the company. In order to gain insight into the financial performance and position of the telecommunication sector in Singapore, two big giants of the sector namely Singapore Telecommunication Limited and Starhub have been chosen for analysis. Singapore Telecommunication Limited The company provides integrated infocomms technology solutions primarily in the countries such as Singapore, Australia, the United State, and the Europe (Singtel, 2016). It is one of the biggest companies on the Stock Exchange of Singapore thus; it would provide a glimpse of entire industry in terms of financial performance. StarHub Ltd This company was founded in the year 1998 and since it has grown significantly. The company provides communication and entertainment services in Singapore and it is one of the biggest revivals of Singapore Telecommunication Limited (StarHub, 2016). This company has been chosen to compare the financial performance of Singapore Telecommunication Ltd. It has been observed from the chart shown above that the profitability of Singapore Telecommunication Limited is showing upward in the financial year 2015. On the other hand, the profitability of its competitor namely Starhub is going downward. The net margin of Singapore Telecommunication Limited has gone up from 19.29% in the year 2013 to 21.96% in the year 2015 (Appendix). Further, the operating profit margin and return on equity are also showing slight improvements in the current financial year (Tracy, 2012). Further, analysis reveals that the company has higher net margin (21.96%) than its competitor (15.22%), but the position in regard to return on equity is different. The competitor has very high return on equity (198.93%), which appears to be due to low equity maintained by it (Appendix). Starhub has very low equity, which is depicted from high debt equity ratio of 9 times. Liquidity Analysis The current ratio of Singapore Telecommunication Limited has been found to be 0.83, 0.86, and 0.83 times for the financial years 2013, 2014, and 2015 respectively (Appendix). Further, in respect of its competitor it has been observed to be 0.71, 0.56, 0.59 times for financial years 2013, 2014, and 2015 respectively. Thus, it can be observed that the company has been able to maintain the current ratio at same level, but the competitors liquidity position is going downward. Further, comparing the liquidity position of the company with its competitor, it could be observed that company is in better position. Efficiency Analysis Singapore Telecommunication Limited provides 82 days credit period, while, it competitor is extending only 47 days credit to the customers. Further, the asset turnover ratio of the company is also lower than that of its competitor. This indicates that the management of the company has not been able to deploy its assets efficiently. Further, the trend in the recent years depicts that the accounts receivable days are increasing and the asset turnover ratio is decreasing continuously, which is indicative of deterioration in the efficiency of the operations (Tracy, 2012). Solvency Analysis The debt equity ratio of the company is 0.70 times while that of its competitor is 9.21 times, which indicates that the solvency position of the company is far better. Further, the company also maintains sufficient operating profits to pay off the debt obligations on time, which is depicted in the Interest Times ratio of 9.60 times. Conclusion From the ratio analysis conducted in this report, it could be articulated that the profitability, liquidity, and solvency of Singapore Telecommunication Limited is better than Starhub Limited. However, the managements efficiency as regard deployment of the assets of the company has been found to be lower than its competitor. Overall, Singapore Telecommunication Limited is in better position than Starhub Limited. Reference Singtel. 2016. Company profile. [Online]. Available at: https://www.singtel.com/about-Us/company-profile.html [Accessed on: 13 November 2016]. Starhub. 2016. Company profile. [Online]. Available at: https://www.starhub.com/about-us/company-information/profile.html [Accessed on: 13 November 2016]. Tracy, A. 2012.Ratio Analysis Fundamentals: How 17 Financial Ratios Can Allow You to Analyse Any Business on the Planet. RatioAnalysis.net.